[motoko/eng] Add motoko language

motoko.md

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+---
+name: Motoko
+filename: learnmotoko.mo
+contributors:
+  - ["Antonio Rodriguez", "https://github.com/antoniorodr"]
+---
+
+### Learn Motoko in Y Minutes
+
+Motoko is a statically typed programming language designed for building secure, scalable software on the Internet Computer blockchain. It supports actor-based concurrency, functional and imperative styles, and has deep integration with WebAssembly and canister smart contracts.
+
+This tutorial assumes familiarity with other programming languages like JavaScript, Rust, or OCaml.
+
+```motoko
+// Single-line comment
+/* Multi-line
+   comment */
+
+// ---- Variables ----
+
+// Immutable binding
+let msg : Text = "Hello, Motoko!";
+
+// Mutable binding
+var count : Nat = 0;
+
+// ---- Functions ----
+
+func add(x : Int, y : Int) : Int {
+  return x + y;
+};
+
+let result = add(2, 3); // 5
+
+// Anonymous function
+let double = func(x : Int) : Int { x * 2 };
+
+// ---- Control Flow ----
+
+if (result > 4) {
+  Debug.print("Greater than 4");
+} else {
+  Debug.print("Less than or equal to 4");
+};
+
+// Expression form
+let description = if (count == 0) { "first" } else { "not first" };
+
+// while loop
+var i : Nat = 0;
+while (i < 3) {
+  Debug.print(Nat.toText(i));
+  i += 1;
+};
+
+// for-in loop
+let arr = [1, 2, 3];
+for (n in arr.vals()) {
+  Debug.print(Nat.toText(n));
+};
+
+// ---- Option Types ----
+
+let maybeName : ?Text = ?("Motoko");
+
+switch (maybeName) {
+  case (?name) Debug.print("Name is " # name);
+  case null Debug.print("No name provided");
+};
+
+// ---- Records ----
+
+let person = {
+  name = "Alice";
+  age = 30;
+};
+
+Debug.print(person.name);
+
+// ---- Tuples ----
+
+let coords : (Int, Int) = (10, 20);
+let (x, y) = coords;
+
+// ---- Arrays ----
+
+import Array "mo:base/Array";
+
+let squares = Array.map<Int, Int>(arr, func(n) { n * n });
+
+// ---- Modules ----
+
+module Math {
+  public func square(n : Int) : Int {
+    n * n
+  };
+};
+
+let nine = Math.square(3);
+
+// ---- Actors ----
+
+actor Hello {
+  var count : Nat = 0;
+
+  public func greet() : async Text {
+    count += 1;
+    Debug.print("Called " # Nat.toText(count) # " times");
+    return "Hello from Motoko!";
+  };
+};
+
+// ---- Async/Await ----
+
+actor Waiter {
+  public func waitAndReturn(x : Nat) : async Nat {
+    Debug.print("Waiting...");
+    return x;
+  };
+};
+
+// ---- Cross-Canister Calls ----
+
+actor class Caller(target : Principal) = this {
+  let other = actor(target) : actor {
+    greet : () -> async Text;
+  };
+
+  public func callGreet() : async Text {
+    await other.greet();
+  };
+};
+
+// ---- Type Aliases ----
+
+type Age = Nat;
+let a : Age = 34;
+
+// ---- Importing Base Library ----
+
+import Debug "mo:base/Debug";
+import Nat "mo:base/Nat";
+import Text "mo:base/Text";
+
+// ---- Resources ----
+
+// Official docs: https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/motoko/main/
+// Base library: https://github.com/dfinity/motoko-base
+// Playground: https://m7sm4-2iaaa-aaaab-qabra-cai.raw.icp0.io/
+
+```