Prepare Docker images for upcoming CI changes

[nhatnghiho]

Issues:

Addresses #CryptoAlg-2907 and #CryptoAlg-3113

Description of changes:

This PR bundles a few Docker image changes together:

• Updated the Windows images to Windows 2022 so that we can upgrade our CodeBuild compute type. This is to migrate the high-cost Windows test over to CodeBuild.
• Added a few packages to our Ubuntu images that's needed for Unbound CI.

Callouts:

This PR also updates how our Powershell scripts handle errors. Previously, any external commands (like docker) will just silently fail, leading to false Windows image build success.

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license and the ISC license.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 78.90%. Comparing base (050d696) to head (6cf898b).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2475      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   78.93%   78.90%   -0.04%     
==========================================
  Files         622      622              
  Lines      108845   108845              
  Branches    15424    15423       -1     
==========================================
- Hits        85918    85885      -33     
- Misses      22255    22288      +33     
  Partials      672      672              

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