More ICE with higher-ranked lifetimes

[asajeffrey]

Another example which generates an ICE due to higher-ranked lifetimes: https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2018&gist=024d07b4bae19579bb758798877e2325

   Compiling playground v0.0.1 (/playground)
error: internal compiler error: librustc/traits/codegen/mod.rs:68: Encountered error `OutputTypeParameterMismatch(Binder(<[closure@src/main.rs:43:33: 51:6] as std::ops::FnOnce<(&mut <Tree as Container<'_>>::Root, &mut Cache<'_, <Tree as Container<'_>>::Data>)>>), Binder(<[closure@src/main.rs:43:33: 51:6] as std::ops::FnOnce<(&mut Tree, &mut Cache<Node>)>>), Sorts(ExpectedFound { expected: Tree, found: <Tree as Container<'_>>::Root }))` selecting `Binder(<[closure@src/main.rs:43:33: 51:6] as std::ops::FnOnce<(&mut Tree, &mut Cache<Node>)>>)` during codegen

thread 'main' panicked at 'Box<Any>', librustc_errors/lib.rs:600:9
note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace.
error: aborting due to previous error


note: the compiler unexpectedly panicked. this is a bug.

note: we would appreciate a bug report: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#bug-reports

note: rustc 1.31.1 (b6c32da9b 2018-12-18) running on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu

note: compiler flags: -C codegen-units=1 -C debuginfo=2 --crate-type bin

note: some of the compiler flags provided by cargo are hidden

error: Could not compile `playground`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.

Possibly a dupe of #33364.

[dlrobertson]

Slightly reduced snippet that hits the same ICE

use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::mem;

trait Container<'a> {
    type Root: 'a;
}

type RootOf<'a, T> = <T as Container<'a>>::Root;

struct Test<'a, T> where T: Container<'a> {
    pub root: T::Root,
    marker: PhantomData<&'a mut &'a mut ()>,
}

impl<'a, 'b> Container<'b> for &'a str {
    type Root = &'b str;
}

impl<'a, T> Test<'a, T> where T: for<'b> Container<'b> {
    fn new(root: RootOf<'a, T>) -> Test<'a, T> {
        Test {
            root: root,
            marker: PhantomData
        }
    }

    fn with_mut<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> R where
            F: for<'b> FnOnce(&'b mut RootOf<'b, T>) -> R {
        f(unsafe { mem::transmute(&mut self.root) })
    }
}

fn main() {
    let val = "root";
    let mut test: Test<&str> = Test::new(val);
    test.with_mut(|_| { });
}

[pnkfelix]

closing as duplicate of #62529, which is where I will try to track future instances of this field of ICE.